Characteristic （reliability, safety, maintainability, testability, etc.） indicators of civil aircraft directly determine the level of safety, reliability and economy of the aircraft, and also directly affect the competitiveness of the aircraft in the market. The conclusion of the evaluation of characteristic indexes based on fault data can effectively assess whether the parts provided by suppliers meet the requirements put forward at the design stage. The application of the hypothesis testing method in the evaluation of civil aircraft characteristic indexes is investigated. Taking the failure rate of the reliability index, which is of most concern to the main manufacturers and airlines, as an example, an assessment method of the failure rate based on fault data and hypothesis testing is proposed, and a sample analysis is carried out using the proposed hypothesis testing method in combination with the fault data of the equipment in the operation of a certain type of aircraft.